How Does The Emergent Norm Theory Work

Emergent norm theory is a theory used to explain collective behavior. Turner and Killian argue that the norms that ultimately govern a situation may not be initially apparent to the participants. Instead, norms emerge through a process of social interaction in which people look to others for cues and signs indicating various possibilities of what they might expect. Emergent norm theory explains that collective behavior has a long history of turning violent, such as in the cases of mobs and riots. However, collective  behavior also applies to  fads  that can cause some good. The ALS ice bucket challenge is an example of collective behavior that raised money towards medical research.   The Four Forms  of Behavior Researchers  think that emergent norm theory occurs in four forms. While sociologists  classify  the forms differently, the most common forms are  crowd, public, mass, and social movements.   Crowd While there is debate over most of the forms, crowds are the only form all sociologists agree on. It is believed that in effect, people revert to more animalistic tendencies, and it is speculated that crowds cause people to lose some rational thinking ability. Some psychologist thing crowds have three base emotions, fear, joy and anger. The latter is where violent outbursts  most commonly come from.   Public The difference between a crowd and the public is that the public has gathered on a single issue.  Once a decision is reached on the issue, the public usually disperses.   Mass The mass refers to the media created by groups to reach others. All mass media would fall under this category Social Movements A social movement is a movement to change some aspect of society. Because so much goes into the study of social movements they  are often considered  their own category of study.

Lung Cancer Essay - 1990 Words

Lung Cancer Lung cancer is the number one killer of cancers of both men and women here in the United States. It accounts for 28% of the death rates due to cancer. In 1999, it is estimated that 1,221,800 new cases of cancer are expected to occur and out of these 171,600 are to be cases of lung cancer. (Meyer 1990) If lung cancer is the number one killer in the United States, one must wonder how it affects other countries around the world. One will find that the United States does not even have the worse statistics of death from lung cancer. Scotland, England, and Finland are the top three, then is the United States in the middle and below us are: Canada, Australia, El Salvador, and Syrian Arab countries. Lung†¦show more content†¦When these cells grow rapidly, they will form tumors. There are two types of lung that are known today, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer is the more popular of the two with 75%, it grows at a slower rate than the cancer cells of small cell lung cancer. If you were to ask a person in the street what the number one killing cancer is and chances are that they do not know what it is because it is under advertised. Most people would think that breast cancer is the number one killer in women because we have National Breast Cancer Awareness Day, pins for breast cancer awareness, and even promotional awareness such as billboards and commercials. What do people know about lung cancer? Obviously not enough if it is the number one killer and people continue to smoke. Over the years there has been an increase in an awareness of lung cancer. The Surgeon General’s warning is now on every pack of cigarettes, and more billboards are going up to make people aware. In today’s society it is not considered glamorous to smoke anymore. But that is about all the awareness that an average person can find out about lung cancer. There are no walks for lung cancer or Lung Cancer Awareness Day as publicized as like they do for breast cancer. If lung cancer is the number one killer in both men and women, shouldn’t they take a precautionary step such as a chest x-ray when a person goes for their yearlyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Lung Cancer839 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsible for nearly one in five deaths in the United States. Lung Cancer mortality are about 23 times higher for current male smokers and 13 times higher for current female smokers compared to a lifelong never-smoker. In addition to being responsible for 87% of lung cancers, smoking is also associated with cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, uterine cervix, kidney, and bladder. Smoking accounts for at least 29% of all cancer deaths, is a major cause of heart disease, and is associatedRead MoreLung Cancers And Its Effects1288 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into threeRead MoreLung Cancer1304 Words   |  6 Pages LUNG CANCER Mohamed Almasmary Bio240 Anatomy Physiology 1 4/13/14 Lung cancer is a cancer (malignancy) that originates in the tissues of the lungs or the cells lining the airways. 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Dr Patrisha Macnair last medically reviewedRead MoreLung Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1315 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer kills more people than any other cancer, such as; breast cancer, colon, prostate, or ovarian. There are two types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancers. These two lung cancers grow and spread differently. Small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly and makes up about 10-15 percent of the lung cancers. Non-small lung cancer is the most common type, it attributes to aboutRead MoreLung Cancer1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Genetics of Lung Cancer Catherine Hayworth BIO 355A/357A June 14, 2012 Colorado Christian University Cancer can be one of the hardest battles that one must face, whether that battle is lost or won, it changes the lives of everyone involved. Lung cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers and it affects the lining of the lungs and the ability to breathe. Lung cancer is the number one killer of men and women than any other cancer worldwide. This cancer is mostly found in smokers andRead MoreLung Cancer930 Words   |  4 PagesLung Cancer Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, its deadly claws stretched over all continents in the world. However, lung cancer is not just a disease; it can act as a magnifying glass; many social problems and goodness of society can be revealed through the causes of lung cancer. Lung cancer is formed when the cells of the lungs grow in an uncontrolled way, this creates a lump or a tumor which can either be malignant or benign. Smoking and unhealthy diets are all causesRead MoreHealth Care For Lung Cancer1224 Words   |  5 Pages2012 there was in increase in lung cancer deaths by 3.5%, this percent is still rising in women while it’s stable in men (CDC, 2014). Nowadays, about 402,324 Americans have lung cancer. In 2014, the newly diagnosed lung cancer cases are 224,210, they represent 13% of all cancer diagnosis (ACS, 2014). Lung cancer affects old people and always they diagnosed in the last five years of their life. Around 80% of people who live with lung cancer their ages more than 60 years (USNIH, 2011). In KentuckyRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pages Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancer known throughout the world. The most common suspect of that is smoking, then what happens to the people who inhales the smokers’ smoke? Are they also at risk for developing lung cancer from being a victim? The answer to that right now is that secondhand smoke alone is just a risk factor, there are no evidence right now that currently show that secondhand smoke alone can cause lung cancer by itself. This means that we need to encourage studies that areRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer1612 Words   |  7 PagesIn addition, since emphysema is said to be one of the causes of lung cancer, it can be said that smoking is also related to lung cancer. As is well known, currently, there are no effective treatment for cancer. Smoking habit is the main cause of lung cancer. The probability of a smoker becoming lung cancer is said to be about ten times more than that of a non-smoker. Also, smoking hurts their own DNA, that is, the risk o f lung cancer extends to offspring. There may be people who think smoking cessation

Cadbury Free Essays

string(37) " coherent their motivational drives\." Chocolate Consumers Feeling Guilty For The Wrong Reasons†¦ STUDENT NAME: SANA SHROFF STUDENT ID NUMBER: 4069231 Table of Contents i. Introduction ii. Summary iii. We will write a custom essay sample on Cadbury or any similar topic only for you Order Now Objectives of research iv. Marketing and self-concept v. Motivational strategies vi. Cadbury and its decisions vii. Conclusions viii. Recommendations ix. references Introduction Cadbury has been upgrading its manufacturing facility in Australia since 2001 and has become one of the most popular confectionery brands and flavours in the world. Cadbury has a total of fifty per cent market share in the confectionary market, selling 50 % of the top 20 selling chocolate singles in the world. Cadbury is a market-oriented company, therefore its success relies on satisfying the needs and wants of its consumers. It is able to do so by constantly listening to its consumers and its ability of getting adapted to the constant changes in the environment. In response to these changes, Cadbury seeks to create new products, improve on its existing core brands and browse new ways to add value to those brands. SUMMARY The given case study recognizes the unethical practices used by Cadbury using palm oil instead of cocoa butter in one of their products to cut down on their expenses. This activity of Cadbury therefore left its consumers and other environmental organisations (WWF) attacked. It tried to gain back their consumers trust by their high profile announcements of using the fairtrade logo very shortly for the Dairy Milk Brand in key global markets. Due to the negative response of customers, Cadbury decided to get back to its Cocoa-Butter only formulae and apologized for non-environmental friendly decision made by them. This report illustrates that with corporate governance, ethical behaviour is an integral part of every business (referring to Cadbury in this case). It outlines the key features of the case study and majors out in the marketing/advertising aspect of Cadbury. It also outlines the relevance of self-concept to marketing and the connection between motivational strategies and consumer behaviour, with a brief conclusion on the case and separate recommendations for Cadbury. Unethical behaviour and lack of Corporate Social Responsibility may damage a firm’s reputation and make it less appealing to its stakeholders, whereas on the other hand, ethical behaviour and efficient corporate social responsibility can bring significant benefits to a business. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH Chocoholics: * NZ confectionery market including seasonal products: $490m * NZ chocolate market including seasonal products: $315m * NZ block chocolate market: $100m * NZ Easter egg market: $28m Source: Cadbury Chocolate is believed to be a stress buster , energizing brainwaves and decreasing your stress level because it contains ingredients that cause the brain to release endorphins(chemicals that make people feel better) serotonin(anti-depressant). This is why people hog on chocolates or other sweets when they are angry or depressed. Chocolates therefore act a relaxing notion beneficial to your health. Research shows that the use of chocolates is on the rise global production of cocoa climbing up to 2% each year, reaching approximately 3 million tonnes. An anarchistic study by psychology professor Paul Rozin discovered that chocolates are eaten because of its taste. People eat chocolates because of its taste and its flavour. The activation your body gets every time you eat a chocolate provides feeling to your taste buds makes you come back for it again and again. Marketing Self-Concept†¦ The principal marketing goal for large business organisations is to focus on the most profitable opportunities in global markets in their own product category and can take the form of quality or quantity or a mix of both. There is a simple logic behind gaining profit with value-by adapting the discernibility and volume in the global market, a business is at its best to provide its consumer with quality products accompanied by the best value for money. Another marketing aim is to provide innovation in products along with quality and price which will therefore help increase the volume of sales and market share. Innovation is an approach of being unique and different, an approach that every firm aims by developing their methods of conducting a business. This approach helps firms to stay ahead of the competition. It can be fulfilled by identifying the new opportunities, adapting to the new changes in the environment, assessing the market research information and eventually allocating resources to commercialise on those opportunities. A firm that can easily adapt itself to the changing business environment and the constant changes in its consumers’ perceptions, needs, wants and interests will be able to satisfy its consumers accurately with the most innovative products. The advancement of Cadbury’s Yowie in autralia elucidates these marketing strategies and provides a link between marketing and self-concept. This self-innovation by Cadbury has proven to be a successful product in children’s confectionery market in Australia. It even got voted as the best new confectionery product in the world in 1997 by the world’s grocery press. Yowie is a value for money, awakening and attracting chocolate product relating to a significant cause-the environment. This is how it exemplifies the innovation process from Cadbury of adding more value to a product in a socially fascinating way. This is how Cadbury has built its self-concept by providing its consumers with the benefits that they desire. Self-concept is significant for the study of consumer behaviour because most of the purchases made by the consumers are directly inclined by the image a particular firm has made of it. Marketers need to evaluate this approach of self-concept which will lead them to the development of more effective marketing programs. Compliance and consistency play an important role in establishing strong relations between self-concept, image of the firm and the final buying behaviour. Appropriate research, analysis and evaluation of the factors affecting the self-concept and their effects on consumer purchasing behaviour will provide more effective market strategic planning. Motivational Strategies The research done for this project shows that consumers do not evaluate the products very accurately precisely which therefore makes it difficult for marketers to coherent their motivational drives. You read "Cadbury" in category "Papers" Consumer buying behaviour depends vastly on the exchange between the inner self and outer urge. Decisions made in the market are influenced by moral values, social relationships, cultural adherence environmental conditions. We will now extend the list of ways for promotional strategies. there are various strategies used to attract consumers towards the brand and its products. Every consumer segment has its own individual motivation behind buying a particular product. The marketers therefore need to identify and isolate those strategies and perform their promotional activities. This makes it easier to target products and advertising in a more meaningful way to increase consumption. Referring to the given case, the food managers have also paid attention to two types of strategies to resolve motivational conflicts: * Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs * McGuire’s Psychological Motivations. These requirements play a significant role in predominance of consumer behaviour. Motivational conflict is an approach that deals with the colliding motivational drives of the consumers. Therefore here the product is used as a solution to such collision of drives. Maslow’s strategy has already been briefly examined in the given case, therefore we skip to McGuire’s Psychological Motivations. It is a classification system that organizes theories of motives into 16 categories which helps marketers to detach motives likely to be involved in various consumption situations. THE DIVISIONS OF CATEGORIES ARE: * Cognitive Preservation Motives: Identifies whether the brand has been performing well consistently. a. Need for Consistency b. Need for Attribution c. Need to categorize d. Need for objectification * Cognitive Growth Motives Includes self-control, variety, and difference of products and achievement of desires. a. Need for Autonomy b. Need for Stimulation c. Teleological Need d. Utilitarian Need * Affective Preservation Motives To reduce stress, express self-identity to others, protection of ego and need of reward. a. Need for Tension Reduction b. Need for Expression c. Need for Ego Defence d. Need for Reinforcement * Affective Growth Motives To increase self-esteem and develop mutually satisfying relationships with others. a. Need for Assertion b. Need for Affiliation c. Need for Identification d. Need for Modelling. According to McGuire ,these divisions would help to resolve the motivational conflicts of consumer buying a Cadbury. Cadbury and its Decisions†¦ Eventually, coming to one of the major hurdles of the case study i. e. , Cadbury using palm oil in its dairy milk product. Cadbury being a large family-owned business is the giant of New Zealand chocolate manufacturing and the 4th largest confectionery business in the world. Therefor it becomes the first of all brands to catch the attention of the general public. Consumers not only have high expectations out of Cadbury but they even enjoy Cadbury’s nature of reciprocating focus mainly on its consumers. But due to the flash of the palm oil incident, customers stopped buying chocolates in droves and The company lost its title of â€Å"New Zealand’s most trusted brand. Cadbury taking the decision of trimming its chocolate block sizes by 50g and replacing the expensive ingredient called cocoa butter by the environmentally perplexed and tremendously cheap PALM OIL as a cost cutting strategy which was aspired to be a smart response to the on-going global recession but foolishly turned out to be a public relations hazard. As for the very first time, Cadbury did not target its consumers in this decision-making process and focused only on their own costs and profit, not its effectiveness. Palm oil is a pugnacious constituent and is one of the principal reasons for global warming and accelerated habitat extermination leading to the deaths of orange-tans in vast numbers and is also considered to be the â€Å"single biggest threat for the survival of orang-utans in the wild†. Abundant amount of the oil comes from the land where existing rainforests have been lacerated and conflagrated just to make way for Palm oil plantations. Consumers got even more excited on Cadbury’s use of palm oil even though there are so many manufacturers out there using palm oil in their products because they had blind trust over Cadbury, it inheriting its brand loyalty since so many years and suddenly they hear in the news next morning that the market leader of the confectionery industry †¦having the largest market share of all†¦the role model for all beginner manufacturers has set the wrong example and followed a non-eco-friendly practice of using palm oil instead of its traditional cocoa butter just to cut down on its raw materials expenditure. This is why Cadbury lost its consumer loyalty all of a sudden. Conclusion Cadbury finally lost against consumer pressure and announced that it has decided to go back to cocoa butter instead of the environmentally harmful palm oil. Cadbury New Zealand managing director Matthew Oldham said he was â€Å"really sorry† and that the decision was in direct response to consumer feedback, including hundreds of letters and emails. Therefore proving that Cadbury can never let down its consumers to make profit and that it is surely a market-oriented firm. Members of the nearly 3500-strong Facebook group ‘Take palm oil out of Cadbury chocolate bars’ were jubilant at this news. Auckland Zoo director Jonathan Wilcken also congratulated Cadbury on their decision. Recommendations Cadbury needs to have more diversity in its product portfolio and use its profits in the needed areas of the business, for example-R;D, rather than depending only on its confectionery and beverage market. According to today’s lifestyle, due to rising obesity, more than half of the world has become diet conscious and is obsessed with healthy food and calories counting. Thus this is a threat for Cadbury affecting the demand for its existing core brands. New markets are an opportunity for Cadbury. In countries like China and India, where population is reaching the peak giving rise to consumer wealth and spending power, demand for confectionery products will also increase. REFERENCES * INTERNET * ARTICLES * NEWPAPERS * Peter Stimpson and Alastair Farquharson Cambridge International AS and A Level second edition. * Cambridge international IG business Coursebook. How to cite Cadbury, Papers Cadbury Free Essays ANALYSIS ON CADBURY’S CORPORATE COMMUNICATION PRACTICE 1. 0Introduction The Cadbury story is a fascinating study of industrial and social development, covering well over a century and a half. It shows how a small family business developed into an international company combining the most sophisticated technology with the highest standards of quality, technical skills and innovation. We will write a custom essay sample on Cadbury or any similar topic only for you Order Now (http://www. studymode. com/essays/Cadbury-527696. html) 2. 0Company Overview The Cadbury’s company began life in a modest grocer’s in the UK in the 1820s by Quaker, John Cadbury. The most popular item that he sold was cocoa, which made Mr Cadbury make chocolate. The success of this enterprise led John Cadbury and brother, called Benjamin, to form the Cadbury Brothers business, and in the 1850s they were awarded a Royal Warrant as producers for Queen Victoria, an accolade that the company still holds for the monarchy today. John Cadbury’s sons Richard and George took over the company in the 1860s, and five years later introduced a new way of pressing cocoa butter to form the essence of cocoa. They introduced a variety of different chocolates and began, for the first time to sell assortments in boxes that had attractive designs and pictures depicted on them. In 1905, the now iconic Cadbury’s Dairy Milk was launched, which is now the company’s flagship product. (http://www. blurtit. com/q4118850. html) 3. 0Mission and vision statement (http://www. studymode. com/essays/Cadbury-Schweppes-Versus-Coke-1151857. html) Company Background: Mission Statement: Our Core Purpose is: Working together to create brands people love. Vision Statement: Cadbury Schweppes is committed to growing responsibly. We believe responsible business comes from listening and learning, and having in place a clear CSR vision and strategy. It also comes from having the processes and systems to follow through and an embedded commitment to living our values. 4. 0Core Values Values: ? Clear Objectives ? Responsibility ? Openness and Integrity ? Quality ? Committed People ? Competitive Ability Simple Organisation ? Taking Advantage of Change These values are summarised in the behaviours they engender in our colleagues namely: ? Accountability ? Aggressiveness ? Adaptability 5. 0Logo 6. 0Colours The renowned name ‘Cadbury’ and symbolic purple are manifestation of high-quality sweetmeat according to mindset of the consumers. 7. 0Corporate communication based on type of stakeholders There are two types of -internal Employee engagement -external Website Broc ures Promo 8. 0Recognition 9. 0Crisis How to cite Cadbury, Papers